Global Ambiguity In Early American Gothic

This dissertation takes a cultural rhetorical approach to early American Gothic in an effort to identify how it differs from already established British and European modes of Gothic fiction. This approach, which combines a close analysis of an author's rhetorical techniques and their effects on an audience with attention to his social and political purposes, leads me to focus on global ambiguity as the key to the distinctiveness of early American Gothic. I define global ambiguity as arising in situations where textual evidence directs the reader towards contrary judgments of characters or events. It may concern the ontological status of a story world, the personal qualities of a character, or the significance of a key event, and usually lasts without resolution through the end of the story. Global ambiguity manifests itself differently in the four authors I study in this dissertation - Charles Brockden Brown, Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville - both in terms of the rhetorical strategies responsible for its emergence and the social and political purposes it serves. Brown creates a global ambiguity around the moral character of his protagonist in Arthur Mervyn by using a combination of narrative strategies - character narration, embedded narration and competing points of view and puts the ambiguity in turn at the service of turning the reader into an independent thinker and ultimately a responsible citizen. Poe deploys different kinds of character narration to create a global ambiguity around the ontological nature of the narrative world in his short stories, which facilitates the production of a rhetorical sublimity that engages the reader's cultural assumptions about gender. Hawthorne manipulates the distance between the extradiegetic narrators and the focalized characters in his short fiction to generate a lasting ambiguity around the interpretation of a key narrative event or character, and uses such ambiguity to balance his need to attract a large contemporary audience and to convey a transcendental vision of truth. Melville exploits the relationship between the narrator and the central character in "Benito Cereno" to resolve an earlier ambiguity, with the goal of engaging the audience in a layered reading experience, one that exposes that audience to its own racial biases. Based on my analysis, I conclude that because of their versatile and effective uses of global ambiguity, American Gothicists develop the mode into an aesthetically sophisticated genre that is intensely engaged with the pressing problems in a changing American society, so much so that it often calls for corrective social action. My analysis revises the earlier critical tendency to regard American Gothic as an offshoot of British and European Gothic, or to locate the originality of American Gothic mainly in its utilization of indigenous materials. It shows that American Gothic has developed features of its own, especially regarding its aesthetic quality and its engagement with contemporary American society.