Russia And Hybrid Warfare Identifying Critical Elements In Successful Applications Of Hybrid Tactics Putins Crimea Annexation Ukraine 1923 German Revolution Germanys Austria Annexation

With the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014, hybrid war became a buzzword within political and academic circles. This study examines hybrid warfare applications using contemporary and historical examples. The analysis seeks to determine why a country was or was not successful in its execution of hybrid war, and it assesses the geopolitical context of cost, benefit, and risk for an aggressor state contributing to its decision to engage in hybrid warfare. The case studies selected include the 1923 German Communist Revolution, Germany's 1938 annexation of Austria, the 2008 Russia-Georgia War, and the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. In each case study, a state went on the offensive, deliberately choosing hybrid tactics to obtain an objective. Ultimately, the study objective strives to deepen our understanding of hybrid war, and to extrapolate how one seemingly minor hybrid event can be tied into a broader goal of an aggressor state in its interactions with a defender state. The analysis of the case studies suggests that the length of the conflict, local support, consolidated leadership, and the power balance between the two states involved have contributed to the success of state-sponsored hybrid war.CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION * A. MAJOR RESEARCH QUESTION * B. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH QUESTION * C. LITERATURE REVIEW * D. CRITIQUES OF TERM HYBRID WAR * E. OTHER ASPECTS TO BE CONSIDERED * F. POTENTIAL EXPLANATIONS AND HYPOTHESES * G. RESEARCH DESIGN * H. STUDY OVERVIEW AND DRAFT CHAPTER OUTLINE * CHAPTER II - THE 1923 COMMUNIST REVOLUTION IN GERMANY * A. GERMAN AND SOVIET POLITICAL BACKGROUND * B. BUILD UP AND EVENTS LEADING TO THE REVOLUTION ATTEMPT * C. WHY DID THIS HYBRID CONFLICT FAIL? * D. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT APPLICATION AND EXECUTION OF HYBRID WAR * 1. Military * 2. Propaganda * 3. Local Support * 4. Leadership Consensus * E. BROADER GEO-POLITICAL CONTEXT - WHY CHOOSE HYBRID STRATEGY? * F. HOW IS THIS CASE STUDY RELEVANT TO CONTEMPORARY RUSSIAN ACTIONS IN UKRAINE? * G. CONCLUSION * CHAPTER III - THE ANSCHLUSS * A. GERMAN AND AUSTRIAN BACKGROUND * B. 1936 AGREEMENT * C. BERCHTESGADEN CONFERENCE * D. THE SURPRISE PLEBISCITE * E. WHAT MADE THIS HYBRID CONFLICT SUCCESSFUL? * F. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT APPLICATION AND EXECUTION OF HYBRID WAR * 1. Local Support * 2. Propaganda * 3. Economy * 4. Military * 5. Leadership Consensus * G. FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS * H. INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE * I. BROADER GEO-POLITICAL CONTEXT: WHY CHOOSE HYBRID STRATEGY? * J. HOW IS THIS CASE STUDY RELEVANT TO CONTEMPORARY RUSSIAN ACTIONS IN UKRAINE? * K. CONCLUSION * CHAPTER IV - THE 2008 RUSSIA-GEORGIA WAR * A. RUSSIAN AND GEORGIAN POLITICAL CONTEXT * B. THE EVENTS BUILDING UP TO AND START OF WAR * C. ASSESSING RUSSIAN SUCCESSES AND FAILURES IN GEORGIA * D. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT THE APPLICATION OF HYBRID WAR * 1. Diplomatic * 2. Propaganda * 3. Cyber * 4. Leadership * E. INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE TO RUSSIA'S ACTIONS * F. BROADER GEO-POLITICAL CONTEXT: WHY CHOOSE HYBRID STRATEGY * G. CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR RUSSIA AND UKRAINE TODAY * CHAPTER V - THE 2014 RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN CONFLICT * A. RUSSIAN AND UKRAINIAN POLITICAL BACKGROUND * B. EVENTS LEADING TO ANNEXATION OF CRIMEA AND WAR IN THE DONBAS * C. ASSESSING RUSSIAN SUCCESSES AND FAILURES IN UKRAINE * D. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT THE APPLICATION OF HYBRID WAR * 1. Diplomatic * 2. International Law Interpretations * 3. Propaganda * 4. Use of Economy * 5. Local Support * E. INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE TO RUSSIA'S ACTIONS * F. BROADER GEO-POLITICAL CONTEXT: WHY CHOOSE HYBRID STRATEGY * G. CONCLUSION * CHAPTER VI - CONCLUSION