Cosmological Terrestrial And Astrophysical Probes Of Particle Dark Matter Theories

It has been shown through multiple observations that there is approximately five times as much dark matter as normal matter in the universe. Understanding the nature of this dark matter is currently one of the major goals of particle physics. In this dissertation, I examine the relationship between the different ways that dark matter can be detected---including direct detection, indirect detection in cosmic rays, and direct production at colliders---and its cosmological properties. In particular, I focus on the relationship between the different detection avenues and two cosmological observables: the thermal relic density of dark matter and cutoff to the matter power spectrum, which corresponds to the smallest dark matter halo that can form in the early universe.